| Title |
The Geography of Happiness: Connecting Twitter Sentiment and Expression, Demographics, and Objective Characteristics of Place
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
PLOS ONE, May 2013
|
| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0064417 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Lewis Mitchell, Morgan R. Frank, Kameron Decker Harris, Peter Sheridan Dodds, Christopher M. Danforth |
| Abstract |
We conduct a detailed investigation of correlations between real-time expressions of individuals made across the United States and a wide range of emotional, geographic, demographic, and health characteristics. We do so by combining (1) a massive, geo-tagged data set comprising over 80 million words generated in 2011 on the social network service Twitter and (2) annually-surveyed characteristics of all 50 states and close to 400 urban populations. Among many results, we generate taxonomies of states and cities based on their similarities in word use; estimate the happiness levels of states and cities; correlate highly-resolved demographic characteristics with happiness levels; and connect word choice and message length with urban characteristics such as education levels and obesity rates. Our results show how social media may potentially be used to estimate real-time levels and changes in population-scale measures such as obesity rates. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 321 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 108 | 34% |
| United Kingdom | 10 | 3% |
| Australia | 7 | 2% |
| Spain | 7 | 2% |
| Canada | 6 | 2% |
| Germany | 5 | 2% |
| Sweden | 4 | 1% |
| France | 4 | 1% |
| Mexico | 4 | 1% |
| Other | 39 | 12% |
| Unknown | 127 | 40% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 245 | 76% |
| Scientists | 58 | 18% |
| Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 10 | 3% |
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 8 | 2% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 583 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 12 | 2% |
| Germany | 4 | <1% |
| United Kingdom | 4 | <1% |
| Australia | 3 | <1% |
| Canada | 3 | <1% |
| India | 3 | <1% |
| France | 2 | <1% |
| Sweden | 1 | <1% |
| Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
| Other | 11 | 2% |
| Unknown | 539 | 92% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 136 | 23% |
| Student > Master | 88 | 15% |
| Researcher | 77 | 13% |
| Student > Bachelor | 52 | 9% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 28 | 5% |
| Other | 117 | 20% |
| Unknown | 85 | 15% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Computer Science | 110 | 19% |
| Social Sciences | 91 | 16% |
| Psychology | 43 | 7% |
| Environmental Science | 35 | 6% |
| Earth and Planetary Sciences | 27 | 5% |
| Other | 170 | 29% |
| Unknown | 107 | 18% |