Tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]Pyrimidine-3-Carboxamide and N-Benzyl-6′,7′-Dihydrospiro[Piperidine-4,4′-Thieno[3,2-c]Pyran] Analogues with Bactericidal Efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Targeting MmpL3

PLOS ONE, April 2013

23613759

Modesto J. Remuiñán, Esther Pérez-Herrán, Joaquín Rullás, Carlos Alemparte, María Martínez-Hoyos, David J. Dow, Johnson Afari, Nalini Mehta, Jorge Esquivias, Elena Jiménez, Fátima Ortega-Muro, María Teresa Fraile-Gabaldón, Vickey L. Spivey, Nicholas J. Loman, Mark J. Pallen, Chrystala Constantinidou, Douglas J. Minick, Mónica Cacho, María José Rebollo-López, Carolina González, Verónica Sousa, Iñigo Angulo-Barturen, Alfonso Mendoza-Losana, David Barros, Gurdyal S. Besra, Lluís Ballell, Nicholas Cammack

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major human pathogen and the causative agent for the pulmonary disease, tuberculosis (TB). Current treatment programs to combat TB are under threat due to the emergence of multi-drug and extensively-drug resistant TB. As part of our efforts towards the discovery of new anti-tubercular leads, a number of potent tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide (THPP) and N-benzyl-6',7'-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,4'-thieno[3,2-c]pyran] (Spiro) analogues were recently identified against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG through a high-throughput whole-cell screening campaign. Herein, we describe the attractive in vitro and in vivo anti-tubercular profiles of both lead series. The generation of M. tuberculosis spontaneous mutants and subsequent whole genome sequencing of several resistant mutants identified single mutations in the essential mmpL3 gene. This 'genetic phenotype' was further confirmed by a 'chemical phenotype', whereby M. bovis BCG treated with both the THPP and Spiro series resulted in the accumulation of trehalose monomycolate. In vivo efficacy evaluation of two optimized THPP and Spiro leads showed how the compounds were able to reduce >2 logs bacterial cfu counts in the lungs of infected mice.