| Title |
Acaricide, Fungicide and Drug Interactions in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera)
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
PLOS ONE, January 2013
|
| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0054092 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Reed M. Johnson, Lizette Dahlgren, Blair D. Siegfried, Marion D. Ellis |
| Abstract |
Chemical analysis shows that honey bees (Apis mellifera) and hive products contain many pesticides derived from various sources. The most abundant pesticides are acaricides applied by beekeepers to control Varroa destructor. Beekeepers also apply antimicrobial drugs to control bacterial and microsporidial diseases. Fungicides may enter the hive when applied to nearby flowering crops. Acaricides, antimicrobial drugs and fungicides are not highly toxic to bees alone, but in combination there is potential for heightened toxicity due to interactive effects. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 59 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| France | 14 | 24% |
| United States | 9 | 15% |
| Chile | 2 | 3% |
| United Kingdom | 1 | 2% |
| Germany | 1 | 2% |
| Zimbabwe | 1 | 2% |
| Switzerland | 1 | 2% |
| Unknown | 30 | 51% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 50 | 85% |
| Scientists | 5 | 8% |
| Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 3 | 5% |
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 2% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 436 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 6 | 1% |
| Germany | 3 | <1% |
| France | 2 | <1% |
| Ghana | 1 | <1% |
| United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
| Brazil | 1 | <1% |
| Mexico | 1 | <1% |
| New Zealand | 1 | <1% |
| Unknown | 420 | 96% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Researcher | 71 | 16% |
| Student > Master | 65 | 15% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 61 | 14% |
| Student > Bachelor | 46 | 11% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 29 | 7% |
| Other | 81 | 19% |
| Unknown | 83 | 19% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 213 | 49% |
| Environmental Science | 29 | 7% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 24 | 6% |
| Chemistry | 14 | 3% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 13 | 3% |
| Other | 45 | 10% |
| Unknown | 98 | 22% |