| Title |
Whole Genome Sequence Typing to Investigate the Apophysomyces Outbreak following a Tornado in Joplin, Missouri, 2011
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
PLOS ONE, November 2012
|
| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0049989 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Kizee A. Etienne, John Gillece, Remy Hilsabeck, Jim M. Schupp, Rebecca Colman, Shawn R. Lockhart, Lalitha Gade, Elizabeth H. Thompson, Deanna A. Sutton, Robyn Neblett-Fanfair, Benjamin J. Park, George Turabelidze, Paul Keim, Mary E. Brandt, Eszter Deak, David M. Engelthaler |
| Abstract |
Case reports of Apophysomyces spp. in immunocompetent hosts have been a result of traumatic deep implantation of Apophysomyces spp. spore-contaminated soil or debris. On May 22, 2011 a tornado occurred in Joplin, MO, leaving 13 tornado victims with Apophysomyces trapeziformis infections as a result of lacerations from airborne material. We used whole genome sequence typing (WGST) for high-resolution phylogenetic SNP analysis of 17 outbreak Apophysomyces isolates and five additional temporally and spatially diverse Apophysomyces control isolates (three A. trapeziformis and two A. variabilis isolates). Whole genome SNP phylogenetic analysis revealed three clusters of genotypically related or identical A. trapeziformis isolates and multiple distinct isolates among the Joplin group; this indicated multiple genotypes from a single or multiple sources. Though no linkage between genotype and location of exposure was observed, WGST analysis determined that the Joplin isolates were more closely related to each other than to the control isolates, suggesting local population structure. Additionally, species delineation based on WGST demonstrated the need to reassess currently accepted taxonomic classifications of phylogenetic species within the genus Apophysomyces. |
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|---|---|---|
| Canada | 1 | 17% |
| Germany | 1 | 17% |
| Chile | 1 | 17% |
| Unknown | 3 | 50% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
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| Scientists | 3 | 50% |
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| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 3 | 6% |
| India | 2 | 4% |
| Canada | 1 | 2% |
| South Africa | 1 | 2% |
| Unknown | 40 | 85% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 14 | 30% |
| Researcher | 13 | 28% |
| Student > Master | 5 | 11% |
| Other | 3 | 6% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 2 | 4% |
| Other | 5 | 11% |
| Unknown | 5 | 11% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
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| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 8 | 17% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 7 | 15% |
| Immunology and Microbiology | 2 | 4% |
| Earth and Planetary Sciences | 2 | 4% |
| Other | 6 | 13% |
| Unknown | 7 | 15% |