Title |
Ethanol Seeking by Long Evans Rats Is Not Always a Goal-Directed Behavior
|
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Published in |
PLOS ONE, August 2012
|
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0042886 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Regina A. Mangieri, Roberto U. Cofresí, Rueben A. Gonzales |
Abstract |
Two parallel and interacting processes are said to underlie animal behavior, whereby learning and performance of a behavior is at first via conscious and deliberate (goal-directed) processes, but after initial acquisition, the behavior can become automatic and stimulus-elicited (habitual). With respect to instrumental behaviors, animal learning studies suggest that the duration of training and the action-outcome contingency are two factors involved in the emergence of habitual seeking of "natural" reinforcers (e.g., sweet solutions, food or sucrose pellets). To rigorously test whether behaviors reinforced by abused substances such as ethanol, in particular, similarly become habitual was the primary aim of this study. |
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Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 3 | 5% |
Italy | 1 | 2% |
Austria | 1 | 2% |
Canada | 1 | 2% |
Unknown | 49 | 89% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 13 | 24% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 9 | 16% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 8 | 15% |
Student > Master | 6 | 11% |
Student > Bachelor | 4 | 7% |
Other | 6 | 11% |
Unknown | 9 | 16% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Neuroscience | 15 | 27% |
Psychology | 13 | 24% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 7 | 13% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 5 | 9% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 2 | 4% |
Other | 1 | 2% |
Unknown | 12 | 22% |