Title |
IL-35 Is a Novel Responsive Anti-inflammatory Cytokine — A New System of Categorizing Anti-inflammatory Cytokines
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Published in |
PLOS ONE, March 2012
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DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0033628 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Xinyuan Li, Jietang Mai, Anthony Virtue, Ying Yin, Ren Gong, Xiaojin Sha, Stefanie Gutchigian, Andrew Frisch, Imani Hodge, Xiaohua Jiang, Hong Wang, Xiao-Feng Yang |
Abstract |
It remains unknown whether newly identified anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-35 (IL-35) is different from other anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in terms of inhibition of inflammation initiation and suppression of full-blown inflammation. Using experimental database mining and statistical analysis methods we developed, we examined the tissue expression profiles and regulatory mechanisms of IL-35 in comparison to other anti-inflammatory cytokines. Our results suggest that in contrast to TGF-β, IL-35 is not constitutively expressed in human tissues but it is inducible in response to inflammatory stimuli. We also provide structural evidence that AU-rich element (ARE) binding proteins and microRNAs target IL-35 subunit transcripts, by which IL-35 may achieve non-constitutive expression status. Furthermore, we propose a new system to categorize anti-inflammatory cytokines into two groups: (1) the house-keeping cytokines, such as TGF-β, inhibit the initiation of inflammation whereas (2) the responsive cytokines including IL-35 suppress inflammation in full-blown stage. Our in-depth analyses of molecular events that regulate the production of IL-35 as well as the new categorization system of anti-inflammatory cytokines are important for the design of new strategies of immune therapies. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 1 | 50% |
Australia | 1 | 50% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 1 | 50% |
Scientists | 1 | 50% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Korea, Republic of | 1 | <1% |
Spain | 1 | <1% |
Chile | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 180 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Researcher | 34 | 18% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 33 | 18% |
Student > Master | 29 | 16% |
Student > Bachelor | 19 | 10% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 12 | 7% |
Other | 31 | 17% |
Unknown | 26 | 14% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
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Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 45 | 24% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 33 | 18% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 30 | 16% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 21 | 11% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 9 | 5% |
Other | 15 | 8% |
Unknown | 31 | 17% |