Title |
Cell-Phone-Based Platform for Biomedical Device Development and Education Applications
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Published in |
PLOS ONE, March 2011
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DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0017150 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Zachary J. Smith, Kaiqin Chu, Alyssa R. Espenson, Mehdi Rahimzadeh, Amy Gryshuk, Marco Molinaro, Denis M. Dwyre, Stephen Lane, Dennis Matthews, Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu |
Abstract |
In this paper we report the development of two attachments to a commercial cell phone that transform the phone's integrated lens and image sensor into a 350x microscope and visible-light spectrometer. The microscope is capable of transmission and polarized microscopy modes and is shown to have 1.5 micron resolution and a usable field-of-view of 150 x 50 with no image processing, and approximately 350 x 350 when post-processing is applied. The spectrometer has a 300 nm bandwidth with a limiting spectral resolution of close to 5 nm. We show applications of the devices to medically relevant problems. In the case of the microscope, we image both stained and unstained blood-smears showing the ability to acquire images of similar quality to commercial microscope platforms, thus allowing diagnosis of clinical pathologies. With the spectrometer we demonstrate acquisition of a white-light transmission spectrum through diffuse tissue as well as the acquisition of a fluorescence spectrum. We also envision the devices to have immediate relevance in the educational field. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 12 | 28% |
Japan | 3 | 7% |
Spain | 2 | 5% |
Germany | 2 | 5% |
Indonesia | 2 | 5% |
Denmark | 1 | 2% |
France | 1 | 2% |
Mexico | 1 | 2% |
Australia | 1 | 2% |
Other | 1 | 2% |
Unknown | 17 | 40% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 33 | 77% |
Scientists | 7 | 16% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 2 | 5% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 2% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 14 | 3% |
India | 3 | <1% |
Mexico | 2 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 2 | <1% |
France | 1 | <1% |
Korea, Republic of | 1 | <1% |
Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
Germany | 1 | <1% |
Taiwan | 1 | <1% |
Other | 5 | 1% |
Unknown | 373 | 92% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 96 | 24% |
Researcher | 80 | 20% |
Student > Master | 48 | 12% |
Student > Bachelor | 38 | 9% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 27 | 7% |
Other | 68 | 17% |
Unknown | 47 | 12% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Engineering | 107 | 26% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 58 | 14% |
Physics and Astronomy | 39 | 10% |
Chemistry | 30 | 7% |
Computer Science | 21 | 5% |
Other | 94 | 23% |
Unknown | 55 | 14% |