| Title |
A New Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Paradigm: Polarization into a Pro-Inflammatory MSC1 or an Immunosuppressive MSC2 Phenotype
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
PLOS ONE, April 2010
|
| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0010088 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Ruth S. Waterman, Suzanne L. Tomchuck, Sarah L. Henkle, Aline M. Betancourt |
| Abstract |
Our laboratory and others reported that the stimulation of specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs) affects the immune modulating responses of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). Toll-like receptors recognize "danger" signals, and their activation leads to profound cellular and systemic responses that mobilize innate and adaptive host immune cells. The danger signals that trigger TLRs are released following most tissue pathologies. Since danger signals recruit immune cells to sites of injury, we reasoned that hMSCs might be recruited in a similar way. Indeed, we found that hMSCs express several TLRs (e.g., TLR3 and TLR4), and that their migration, invasion, and secretion of immune modulating factors is drastically affected by specific TLR-agonist engagement. In particular, we noted diverse consequences on the hMSCs following stimulation of TLR3 when compared to TLR4 by our low-level, short-term TLR-priming protocol. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 5 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 2 | 40% |
| Unknown | 3 | 60% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 4 | 80% |
| Scientists | 1 | 20% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 789 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 8 | 1% |
| France | 3 | <1% |
| United Kingdom | 3 | <1% |
| Korea, Republic of | 2 | <1% |
| Ireland | 2 | <1% |
| Netherlands | 2 | <1% |
| Germany | 2 | <1% |
| Canada | 2 | <1% |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | 2 | <1% |
| Other | 6 | <1% |
| Unknown | 757 | 96% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 160 | 20% |
| Researcher | 121 | 15% |
| Student > Master | 89 | 11% |
| Student > Bachelor | 87 | 11% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 44 | 6% |
| Other | 120 | 15% |
| Unknown | 168 | 21% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 193 | 24% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 131 | 17% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 121 | 15% |
| Immunology and Microbiology | 47 | 6% |
| Engineering | 33 | 4% |
| Other | 64 | 8% |
| Unknown | 200 | 25% |